Angiotensin 1-7
An endogenous heptapeptide that forms the protective, counter-regulatory arm of the renin-angiotensin system by activating the Mas receptor.
Angiotensin-(1-7) is a naturally occurring heptapeptide hormone generated mainly when ACE2 cleaves angiotensin II. By binding the Mas receptor, it opposes the vasoconstrictive, pro-fibrotic actions of angiotensin II, driving vasodilation, anti-fibrotic, anti-inflammatory, and cardioprotective effects. The ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas axis has become a focus of cardiovascular, metabolic, and inflammatory disease research, with early human safety data from a COVID-19 infusion trial and a broad preclinical base.
Class
Endogenous heptapeptide hormone (Mas receptor agonist)
Routes
Subcutaneous, Intravenous
Category
Healing & Recovery
Researched benefits
What it's studied for
Cardiovascular protection
Acts as the counter-regulatory arm of the renin-angiotensin system, opposing the vasoconstrictive and pro-hypertrophic actions of angiotensin II. Preclinical data support cardioprotective effects, though completed Phase 3 trials are lacking.
Vasodilation
Activates nitric oxide synthase and potassium channels in vascular smooth muscle. Preclinical work in venous tissue shows it reduces contraction via the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas pathway, functioning as a protective counter-regulatory mechanism against vasoactive constrictors.
Anti-fibrotic activity
Suppresses TGF-beta fibrosis signaling and opposes angiotensin II-driven tissue remodeling, reducing fibrosis in preclinical models.
Anti-inflammatory effects
Attenuates NF-kB-mediated inflammation and reduces oxidative stress through Mas receptor signaling, lowering inflammatory markers in metabolic and neurological models.
Insulin sensitivity and metabolic support
In obese type 2 diabetic mice, intervention reduced blood glucose, improved lipid profiles, and restored pancreatic beta-cell function via effects on amino acid, lipid, insulin-secretion, and energy-metabolism pathways.
Kidney protection
The anti-fibrotic and anti-inflammatory actions of the Mas axis are studied for renal protective effects, a commonly cited research area for the peptide.
Pulmonary protection
In a randomized Phase 1-2 trial, infusion increased oxygen-free days in mechanically ventilated COVID-19 patients, supporting a role as a pulmonary protective and vasoactive agent in acute lung injury.
Mechanism
How it works
Angiotensin-(1-7) is generated primarily through cleavage of angiotensin II by the enzyme ACE2. It represents the protective, counter-regulatory arm of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), balancing the classical ACE/angiotensin II/AT1 receptor axis that drives vasoconstriction, inflammation, and fibrosis.
The peptide signals mainly through the Mas receptor (MasR). Mas activation stimulates nitric oxide synthase, promoting vasodilation, and opens potassium channels in vascular smooth muscle to reduce vessel contraction. These effects directly oppose the vasoconstrictive actions of angiotensin II.
Downstream, Ang-(1-7) reduces oxidative stress, attenuates NF-kB-mediated inflammation, and suppresses TGF-beta fibrosis signaling. Through these pathways it exerts anti-fibrotic, anti-inflammatory, and cardioprotective effects, and enhances insulin sensitivity in metabolic tissue.
The ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas axis gained renewed research attention because ACE2 is the cellular entry receptor for SARS-CoV-2, linking the peptide to studies of acute lung injury and COVID-19 alongside its cardiovascular and metabolic roles.
Dosing protocols
Dosing & administration
Dosing reflects protocols reported in research and community literature for educational purposes. It is not medical advice or a recommendation. Most peptides here are not approved for human use.
Clinical (trial-based)
- Dose
- 10 mcg/kg/day
- Frequency
- Continuous daily infusion
- Timing
- Administered in an intensive-care setting
- Duration
- Duration per trial protocol
- Route
- Intravenous
The only indexed human dose comes from a Phase 1-2 randomized trial in mechanically ventilated COVID-19 patients, where 10 mcg/kg/day increased oxygen-free days versus controls. Not a general-use protocol.
- There is no established consumer or standardized dosing protocol; the peptide remains investigational.
- Sources list subcutaneous and intravenous as the studied administration routes.
- The one human dosing figure available (10 mcg/kg/day IV) is trial-specific and was delivered under intensive-care monitoring; it should not be extrapolated to other settings.
- Ask any provider for a Certificate of Analysis (COA) and proper reconstitution and handling guidance.
Evidence
Research & clinical studies (10)
Angiotensin-(1-7) improves oxygenation in mechanically ventilated COVID-19 patients: a randomized phase 1-2 seamless trial
In 107 mechanically ventilated COVID-19 patients, Ang-(1-7) 10 mcg/kg/day significantly increased oxygen-free days versus controls (median 19 vs 14 days; p=0.04).
PMID 39231898The Effect of Angiotensin (1-7) on Serum Metabolomics in Obese Type 2 Diabetic Mice
Intervention reduced blood glucose and inflammatory markers, improved lipid profiles, and restored pancreatic beta-cell function via effects on multiple metabolic pathways.
PMID 42188044Pharmacological Effects of Angiotensin 1-7 on Venous Vascular Tone
Reduced contraction in rat venous tissue primarily by activating potassium channels, showing the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas pathway as a protective counter-regulatory mechanism in veins.
PMID 42193382Perioperative Angiotensin-(1-7) for Postoperative Cognitive Vulnerability Following Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery: A Pilot Case Series
Was feasible and well-tolerated in older cardiac-surgery patients, with preliminary signals of preserved cognitive function and reduced neuroaxonal injury markers versus placebo.
PMID 42183346Differential Modulation of Spinal Angiotensin-Converting Enzymes Plays a Critical Role in the Development of Trigeminal Neuropathic Pain
Restoring the ACE2 pathway and increasing Ang-(1-7)/Mas signaling reduced neuropathic pain in an animal model of trigeminal nerve injury.
PMID 42198438Severe Acute Hypertension Causes Hemolysis With Release of PEP and ACE Inhibitor
Angiotensin II-induced hemolysis increased PEP activity and decreased ACE activity, enhancing conversion of angiotensin II to Ang-(1-7) and influencing acute blood-pressure regulation.
PMID 42186799Angiotensin II and angiotensin-(1-7) neurotransmissions in the medial amygdala differently control cardiovascular and anxiogenic-like responses to stress in rats
Ang-(1-7) and angiotensin II neurotransmission in the medial amygdala differentially control cardiovascular and anxiety-like stress responses in rats.
PMID 42343879Association between renin angiotensin system and cognitive outcomes over 15 years: The Look AHEAD study
Examined associations between the renin-angiotensin system and long-term cognitive outcomes over 15 years in the Look AHEAD cohort.
PMID 42312371Neuroprotective effects of telmisartan in a harmaline-induced model of essential tremor: modulation of the renin-angiotensin system and inflammatory pathways
Telmisartan raised Ang-(1-7) levels and Mas receptor expression in the cerebellum, suppressing neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in an essential-tremor model.
PMID 42305442Angiotensin II prevents the metabolic but not the transdifferentiating effect of EGF on vascular smooth muscle cells from human female donors
Angiotensin II blocked the metabolic but not the transdifferentiating effect of EGF on human vascular smooth muscle cells, informing RAS signaling in vascular biology.
PMID 42291242Safety
Side effects & considerations
Commonly reported effects
Contraindications & cautions
- Pre-existing cardiovascular conditions
- Kidney or liver conditions
- Pregnancy or nursing
Risk profile varies by individual, and the human safety base is limited to early-phase trial data. Review all contraindications and consult a qualified healthcare professional before use.
FAQ
Angiotensin 1-7 — common questions
What is Angiotensin (1-7)?
It is an endogenous heptapeptide hormone generated mainly when ACE2 cleaves angiotensin II. It forms the counter-regulatory arm of the renin-angiotensin system by binding the Mas receptor to promote vasodilation and anti-fibrotic, anti-inflammatory, and cardioprotective effects that oppose angiotensin II.
What is Angiotensin (1-7) primarily studied for?
Cardiovascular protection, anti-fibrotic effects, vasodilation, insulin sensitivity, and kidney protection are the main documented research areas, along with pulmonary protection in acute lung injury.
How does it work?
It activates the Mas receptor, stimulating nitric oxide synthase and reducing oxidative stress. It attenuates NF-kB-mediated inflammation and suppresses TGF-beta fibrosis signaling, opposing angiotensin II and improving insulin sensitivity.
What does the human evidence show?
A Phase 1-2 randomized trial in 107 mechanically ventilated COVID-19 patients found that 10 mcg/kg/day increased oxygen-free days versus controls (19 vs 14 days; p=0.04), providing the primary indexed human pharmacokinetic and safety evidence. Broader cardiovascular applications remain preclinical.
What are the side effects and who should avoid it?
It is generally considered lower risk in research contexts, but reported considerations include cardiovascular conditions, kidney or liver conditions, and pregnancy or nursing. Consult a qualified professional before use.
Is Angiotensin (1-7) FDA approved?
No. It has no FDA approval and no approved therapeutic indication in any jurisdiction. It is an endogenous peptide under active clinical investigation and is available for research use only.
How is it administered?
Studied routes are subcutaneous and intravenous. The one human dose reported, 10 mcg/kg/day, was given as an intravenous infusion in an intensive-care trial setting.
